About
This report presents the first comprehensive assessment of LNG carriers as an overlooked environmental and financial risk. While most environmental impact assessments focus on onshore gas terminals, the vessels that transport liquefied natural gas across the world's oceans remain largely exempt from meaningful scrutiny. Drawing on scientific research, AIS-based vessel tracking data, and community testimonies from five regions, this report maps the real-world impacts of LNG shipping — from methane emissions and underwater noise pollution to biodiversity loss and human rights concerns — and asks why these risks continue to be excluded from climate disclosure and investment due diligence.
Executive summary
The global LNG carrier fleet has tripled in the past decade, yet these vessels remain exempt from meaningful environmental review. Export finance institutions —-including Korea's Export-Import Bank, which finances over 70% of the world's LNG carrier construction — exclude LNG carriers from environmental impact assessments on the basis that they lack a fixed "project location." This report argues that interpretation is flawed: LNG carriers operate on predictable, repeated routes between specific terminals, and their cumulative impacts on ocean ecosystems, coastal communities, and the climate are both measurable and material.
With over 285 vessels currently on order, the sector also faces acute financial risk. Analysis by UCL and the Inevitable Policy Response project finds that up to USD 48 billion in LNG carrier investment could be stranded by 2035 under Paris-aligned demand scenarios — a risk that remains largely invisible in current disclosures. This report calls on regulators, lenders, and insurers to close the governance gap before it becomes a liability.
Key findings
The regulatory blind spot is structural, not incidental. LNG carriers account for 175–190 dB of underwater noise, release unburned methane through engine slip, discharge ballast water containing invasive species, and operate at high density through UNESCO-listed marine habitats — yet none of these impacts are currently assessed in project-level environmental reviews.
Stranded asset risk is real and near-term. The LNG carrier orderbook is at a historic high. Under Paris-aligned scenarios, over USD 48 billion in carrier investment faces stranding by 2035. Even under the most conservative policy projections, excess capacity is expected to exceed 40% of the current fleet by 2030.
Communities are already paying the price. From Cameron Parish, Louisiana, to Cabo Delgado, Mozambique, and the Verde Island Passage in the Philippines, coastal communities report declining fish stocks, restricted sea access, and habitat destruction tied directly to LNG vessel traffic — impacts invisible in project EIAs.
The "mobility" argument is both legally weak and practically false. OECD environmental guidelines explicitly apply to "the locations to which capital goods are destined." The ports LNG carriers enter and the protected marine areas they transit are demonstrably within scope.





